MP3, AAC, WAV, FLAC: all the audio file formats explained

MP3, AAC, WAV, FLAC: all the audio file formats explained

When organising your digital music collection, you might be struck by the number of different audio file formats in your library. Almost everyone's heard of MP3, but what about OGG, AIFF, MQA or DSD?

If the list leaves you wondering whether all those songs studied at different universities in order to get such official-looking letters after their names, don’t worry. We’re here to break down the meaning of the most common music file formats, the differences between them, and why you should care. 

Whether you're listening to low-quality MP3 files, probably slightly better AAC tracks, or hi-res audio in FLAC or WAV, it's time to understand exactly what you're getting – and which is the best file format for you to continue listening to music in...

File formats and codecs at a glance

MP3, AAC, WAV, FLAC: all the audio file formats explained

Want to cut straight to the chase? Here's a handy guide to all the file formats and the differences between them. If you want to know more, read on below for a more in-depth look at the differences in size, sound quality and compatibility.

AAC (not hi-res): Apple's alternative to MP3 – stands for 'Advanced Audio Coding'. Lossy and compressed, but sounds generally better. Used for Apple Music streaming.

ALAC (hi-res): Apple has also developed its own lossless audio compression technology. In addition to AAC, the entire Apple Music catalogue is also encoded using ALAC (Apple Lossless Audio Codec) in resolutions between 16-bit/44.1 kHz (CD quality) and 24-bit/192 kHz.

AIFF (hi-res): Apple's alternative to WAV, with better metadata support. It is lossless and uncompressed (so big file sizes) but not hugely popular.

DSD (hi-res): The single-bit format used for Super Audio CDs. It comes in 2.8MHz, 5.6MHz and 11.2MHz varieties but, as it's high quality and uncompressed, is (mostly) impractical for streaming.

FLAC (hi-res): This lossless compression format supports hi-res sample rates, takes up about half the space of WAV, and stores metadata. It's royalty-free and is considered the preferred format for downloading and storing hi-res albums. The downside is that it’s not supported by Apple (so not compatible with Apple Music). 

MP3 (not hi-res): Popular, lossy compressed format ensures small file size but is far from the best sound quality. Convenient for storing music on phones and iPods. 

MQA (hi-res): A lossless compression format that packages hi-res files for more efficient streaming. Used for Tidal Masters hi-res streaming. Also used for the CD format too.

OGG (not hi-res): Sometimes called by its full name, Ogg Vorbis. A lossy, open-source alternative to MP3 and AAC, unrestricted by patents. The file format used (at 320kbps) in Spotify streaming. 

WAV (hi-res): The standard format in which all CDs are encoded. Great sound quality but it's uncompressed, meaning huge file sizes (especially for hi-res files). It has poor metadata support (that is, album artwork, artist and song title information).

WMA Lossless (hi-res): A lossless incarnation of Windows Media Audio, but no longer well-supported by smartphones or tablets. 

Compressed vs uncompressed audio files

First, let’s talk about the three categories all audio files can be grouped into – uncompressed, lossless and lossy. Which falls into which category comes down to how compressed the data is (if at all) and, as a result, how much quality or “loss” you’ll experience as a listener. 

If no compression algorithm (or codec) has been used to compress the audio within your file, two things happen: zero loss in sound quality and, soon enough, a “startup disk full” warning on your laptop. Essentially, an uncompressed track is a reproduction of the original audio file, where real-world signals are transformed into digital audio.

A lossless track is compressed to a smaller file size for better practicality and efficiency but shouldn't impact sound quality, whereas lossy tracks are the smallest and therefore easiest to store and download – but in order for that to be possible have to discard some audio information in the compression process.

WAV vs AIFF: uncompressed audio file formats

WAV and AIFF are arguably the most popular uncompressed audio file formats, both based on PCM (Pulse Code Modulation), which is widely recognised as the most straightforward audio storage mechanism in the digital domain. Both WAV and AIFF files use similar technology, but store data in slightly different ways. They can store CD-quality or high-resolution audio files.

WAV was developed by Microsoft and IBM, hence it's used in Windows-based platforms, and is the standard format all CDs are encoded in. 

AIFF was developed by Apple as an alternative to WAV, and although not as widely popular, AIFF files have better metadata support, meaning you can include album artwork, song titles and the like. 

The drawback? These babies are big. A CD-quality (16-bit, 44.1kHz) file will take around 10MB of your hard drive per minute in length. 

ALAC vs FLAC vs WMA Lossless: lossless audio formats

Everyone loves a FLAC. A lossless file, the FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec) is compressed to nearly half the size of an uncompressed WAV or AIFF of equivalent sample rate, but there should be no “loss” in terms of how it sounds. FLAC files can also provide a resolution of up to 32-bit, 96kHz, so better than CD quality.

Other lossless audio file formats include ALAC (Apple Lossless) and WMA Lossless (Windows Media Audio). The former is a good iOS and Apple Music-compatible alternative to FLAC, although the files are slightly less compact than FLACs. Check for smartphone and tablet compatibility, though.

AAC vs MP3: lossy audio formats

Who’s heard of an MP3? Course you have. Steve Jobs famously pulled 1000 of them out of his pocket on 23rd October 2001. It is easily the most common audio format, and MP3s are convenient for storing music on portable players or tablets and work on almost all playback devices. But to do that, you have to lose a load of information in the process. In order to make audio files up to ten times smaller than CD quality files, some original data must be discarded, resulting in a loss of sound quality. 

The bit-rate at which an MP3 is recorded also affects the sound quality. MP3s encoded at 128kbps will incur more sound loss than those encoded at 320kbps (kilobits per second, where each “bit” is essentially a “piece” of the song). Now that storage is so much cheaper, we'd avoid 128kbps at all costs, though 320kbps MP3s still have their purpose if your storage is limited – and they remain a standard on download stores.

Another lossy format is AAC (Apple's Advanced Audio Coding) which is compressed much like an MP3, but it’s slightly more efficient and sounds better. AAC is used for Apple Music streaming (at 256kbps) and YouTube streaming. 

The Vorbis format, often called Ogg Vorbis owing to its Ogg container, (the best way to think of this is that OGG is the can, Vorbis is the ring-pull) is a lossy, open-source alternative to MP3 and AAC, unrestricted by patents. Ogg Vorbis is the file format used (at 320kbps) in Spotify streaming. 

If you’re sticking with lossy, it’s worth remembering this: while more “bits” usually mean better sound, it depends on the efficiency of the codec in your file. Although you might notice that much of the music in your collection is encoded at 128kbps so should be much of a muchness, an MP3 will likely sound a fair bit (see what we did there?) worse than an AAC or Ogg Vorbis file, due to the inefficiency of the codec in an MP3. 

What about high-resolution audio?

MP3, AAC, WAV, FLAC: all the audio file formats explained

Unlike high-definition video, there’s no single universal standard when it comes to high-resolution audio.

However, in its simplest terms, hi-res audio tends to refer to music files that have a higher sampling frequency and/or bit depth than CD – which is specified at 16-bit/44.1kHz. Hi-res files are commonly (but not exclusively) downloadable and streamable in 24-bit/48kHz, 24-bit/96kHz and 24-bit/192kHz.

So why should you care? Quite simply, hi-res audio files have a lot of extra audio information and thus sound a lot better than compressed audio formats, which lose information in the compression process. They will take up more storage space but we definitely think it's worth the trade-off.

Uncompressed files like AIFF and WAV are hi-res, as are those lossless FLAC and ALAC file formats. DSD (the somewhat niche format used for Super Audio CDs) is also hi-res, but it’s not as widely supported. When it comes to streaming, MQA is a file packing format used by the likes of Tidal Masters, which helps to bring hi-res audio to streaming services using as little bandwidth as possible.

As for playing hi-res audio, an increasing amount of digital products now support it (and in many flavours, too) – from portable music players and phones to wireless speakers and all-in-one hi-fi systems.

Which is the best audio file format for you?

The file format you choose will depend on whether storage or sound quality is your key concern, as well as which devices you intend to use for playback. 

MP3s became hugely popular when storage was at a premium. Now that phones, music players and laptops have far more storage space, we think you really should be looking to use better-than-CD-quality files.

If you’re archiving your audio files, a FLAC or other lossless file might be a good shout for ripping your music, though. Lossless files strike a good balance between compression and sound quality, allowing you to listen to the best quality digital music without taking up all your storage space. Just make sure your devices are all compatible with your file format of choice.

MORE:

The problem with hi-res audio is how you might be listening to it

Where can you buy hi-res music? Here are the top download sites

How to add a music streamer to your hi-fi system

Becky has been a full-time staff writer at What Hi-Fi? since March 2019. Prior to gaining her MA in Journalism in 2018, she freelanced as an arts critic alongside a 20-year career as a professional dancer and aerialist – any love of dance is of course tethered to a love of music. Becky has previously contributed to Stuff, FourFourTwo, This is Cabaret and The Stage. When not writing, she dances, spins in the air, drinks coffee, watches football or surfs in Cornwall with her other half – a football writer whose talent knows no bounds. 

  • HappySounds
    You describe AAC in your article as:

    "AAC (not hi-res): Apple's alternative to MP3".

    This is a significant distortion (sorry...).

    Apple had no part whatsoever in the development of the standard. The standard was established in 1997 and was part of the standards for MPEG-2 and subsequently MPEG-4, but was not adopted as an audio-only format until Apple used it as the default standard for iTunes and the iPod. They definitely popularised it, but they did not invent it or even contribute to its development.
    Reply
  • SeaBee
    You forgot an interesting audio format: Opus.
    - completely free to use (not patent encumbered, royalty-free).
    - better than MP3 or OGG in most cases, best quality at high compression levels.
    - supported by Android (since v6 I think) and many softwares (VLC, FFMPEG. foobar2000, web browsers, ...)
    Opus Wikipedia entryOpus codec official site
    Reply
  • purjo
    SeaBee said:
    You forgot an interesting audio format: Opus.

    Also is used by Youtube nowadays.
    Reply
  • chichaz
    FLAC is great... except that it will not play on Macs or iPhones without specific software (like VLC aka Videolan). Otherwise it's pretty much the perfect format. Apple strikes again :rolleyes:
    Reply
  • botrytis
    Sorry, MQA IS NOT LOSSLESS - it uses a lossy compression system. Please fix your erroneous error.

    If the initial file is 96/24 and you put it through the MQA system it will come out 48/16 or 17. The bit depth of the file has been changed and removes and you will never get it back. MQA actually removes part of the file like MP3 does. Putting the same 96/24 file through a FLAC compressor the file will be smaller but will still have the 24 bit depth.
    Reply
  • JoJoBot420
    botrytis said:
    Sorry, MQA IS NOT LOSSLESS - it uses a lossy compression system. Please fix your erroneous error.

    If the initial file is 96/24 and you put it through the MQA system it will come out 48/16. The bit depth of the file has been changed and removes and you will never get it back. MQA actually removes part of the file like MP3 does. Putting the same 96/24 file through a FLAC compressor the file will be smaller but will still have the 24 bit depth.
    You're kinda correct but mqa files can be 24bit and 16bit (files that becomes 24bits) files (i tried to rip from tidal files that i legally own and do quality comparison and they were 24bits) (and in an and 16bit mqa file it takes 3 bits of data for it's lossy compression so it is 13bit file)
    Reply
  • JoJoBot420
    JoJoBot420 said:
    You're kinda correct but mqa files can be 24bit and 16bit (files that becomes 24bits) files (i tried to rip from tidal files that i legally own and do quality comparison and they were 24bits) (and in an and 16bit mqa file it takes 3 bits of data for it's lossy compression so it is 13bit file)
    https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/05/mqa-explained-everything-you-need-to-know-about-high-res-audio/ you can read more here
    Reply
  • user name is already take
    MQA is lossy, What HiFi is a joke.
    Reply
  • nazar6
    SeaBee said:
    You forgot an interesting audio format: Opus.
    - completely free to use (not patent encumbered, royalty-free).
    - better than MP3 or OGG in most cases, best quality at high compression levels.
    - supported by Android (since v6 I think) and many softwares (VLC, FFMPEG. foobar2000, web browsers, ...)
    Opus Wikipedia entryOpus codec official site
    Yes you are right I am also using OPUS its better (loud & clear) than flac, wav etc and even take less space
    Reply
  • chichaz
    nazar6 said:
    Yes you are right I am also using OPUS its better (loud & clear) than flac, wav etc and even take less space
    Loud and clear are not generally terms I associate with SQ. If you like the sound of a lossy codec (OPUS is), well, enjoy. If you want what was originally intended, then stick to WAV, FLAC, or ALAC.
    Reply